Click any of the topics listed below for help with that particular topic. The default mode for &calcname; is Scientific. You can find the current mode by checking the label on the first option menu button in the mode line below the display area. change mode mode, change numeric base, to change change numeric base The default numeric base for &calcname; is Decimal. You can find the current mode by checking the label on the second option menu button in the mode line below the display area. There are four numeric bases: Decimal (the default) Binary Octal Hexadecimal See To Change the Numeric Base. change display mode display mode The default display mode for &calcname; is fixed point. You can find the current mode by checking the label on the third option menu button in the mode line below the display area. There are three display modes: Fixed point (Fix) Engineering (Eng) Scientific (Sci) See To Change the Display Mode. trigonometric base There are three trigonometric bases: Degrees (Deg) Gradient (Grad) Radians (Rad) The default trigonometric base for &calcname; is degrees. You can find the current mode by checking the label on the fourth option menu button in the mode line below the display area. The relationship between the modes is 360 degrees = 2π radians = 400 gradients Gradients and radians are other means of defining angular measurement. Gradients are used in surveying applications and radians are used in mathematical and electrical applications. See To Change the Trigonometric Base. options menu The &calcname; options menu appears when you click Options in the &calcname; menubar. It also appears when you click button 3 in the &calcname; window and on most buttons. Some buttons (Functions, Constants, Accuracy, Store, Recall, and Exchange) have unique popup menus or dialogs that appear when you click button 3. The on-item help for each of these buttons describes the menu for that button. Here's how the &calcname; popup menu appears when &calcname; is in Scientific or Logical mode: The Help and Exit buttons provide access to &calcname; Help and terminate &calcname;, respectively. See Also &calcname; has a number of buttons, many of which are multi-function. This topic defines the functions for each button. The buttons are divided into categories. In the following list click the category you want. You can get information on an individual button by choosing On Item in the &calcname; Help menu. See To Get Help on a Specific Key for more information. The &calcname; main window consists of a menu bar, a display area, a mode line, and a set of buttons, many of which are multi-function (see Mode-Dependent Buttons). &calcname; has three operation modes: Scientific (default) Financial Logical You choose modes by clicking the first option menu button below the display area and choosing the desired mode from the menu. There are four numeric bases: Bin(ary) &emdash; &sigspace; The base 2 number system in which values are expressed as combinations of two digits, 0 and 1. Oct(al) &emdash; &sigspace; The base 8 number system consisting of the digits 0 through 7. Dec(imal) &emdash; &sigspace; The default base 10 numbering system. Hex(adecimal) &emdash; &sigspace; The base 16 numbering system that consists of the digits 0 through 9 and the uppercase or lowercase letters A (equivalent to decimal 10) through 15 (equivalent to decimal 15). You choose modes by clicking the second option menu button below the display area and choosing the desired mode from the menu. The alphabetical buttons A through F are only active when &calcname; is in Hex mode. There are three display modes: Eng(ineering) &emdash; &sigspace; Uses the mantissa-exponent display format, but adjusts the mantissa so the exponent is always a multiple of three. For example, the values 1500, 15000, 150000, and 1500000 are displayed in Eng notation as 1.50e+3, 15.00e+3, 150.00e+3, and 1.50e+6 respectively. Fix(ed) &emdash; &sigspace; The default display mode of fixed-point notation, in which the decimal point has a specified position. Sci(entific) &emdash; &sigspace; Uses the mantissa-exponent display format, but adjusts the exponent so the mantissa is always in the form n.nn. For example, the values 1500, 15000, 150000, and 1500000 are displayed in Scientific notation as 1.50e+3, 1.50e+4, 1.50e+5, and 1.50e+6, respectively. You choose the display mode by clicking the third option menu button below the display area and choosing the desired mode from the menu. There are three trigonometric bases: Deg(rees) &emdash; &sigspace; The default trigonometric base. Grad(ient) &emdash; &sigspace; Rad(ian) &emdash; &sigspace; Another method of representing angular measure. One radian equals 57.2 degrees. **** Int &emdash; &sigspace; Eliminates the fractional portion of the displayed value. Note that no rounding is used; the fractional value is removed, leaving just the integer number of the original value. Frac &emdash; &sigspace; Eliminates the integer portion of the displayed value. Note that no rounding is used; the integer value is removed, leaving just the fractional part of the original value. Abs &emdash; &sigspace; Displays the absolute value of the currently displayed number. Exp &emdash; &sigspace; Use Exp to input the exponential portion of a number. "Exp" appears in the mode line, indicating that &calcname; expects you to enter a number for the exponential value. You can do so by typing in the number or clicking the appropriate number button. Accuracy &emdash; &sigspace; Specifies the degree of precision used in operations. You can choose from zero to nine places. Store &emdash; &sigspace; Stores the current value in one of ten memory registers. Recall &emdash; &sigspace; Recalls the value in a specified register that was stored using the Store button. Exchange &emdash; &sigspace; Exchanges the value in the specified memory register with the current value in the display area. &calcname; has the standard mathematical function buttons: Scientific mode is the default &calcname; mode. The Scientific mode buttons are visible only when &calcname; is in Scientific mode. See Scientific and Changing Modes . The Financial mode buttons are visible only when &calcname; is in Financial mode. See Financial and Changing Modes . The Logical mode buttons are visible only when &calcname; is in Logical mode. See Logical and Changing Modes . display area The display area is a single line that displays current values and the results of operations. The display partially supports cut-and-paste; you can paste its contents into another client that also supports cut-and-paste, but you can't paste into the display area. mode line The mode line is a part of the mode area, which includes the four option menu buttons. It displays functions that normally require additional entries. For example, assume you want to store the displayed value in a memory register. When you click Store, "Store" appears in the mode line, and you need to click on a number to indicate the register into which the value should be stored. scientific Use Scientific to change the mode of operation for &calcname;. When you click Scientific an option menu appears. The choices are Financial, Logical, and Scientific. The mode-dependent buttons change with the mode (see Mode-Dependent Buttons). financial Use Financial to change the mode of operation for &calcname;. When you click Financial an option menu appears. The choices are Financial, Logical, and Scientific. The mode-dependent buttons change with the mode (see Mode-Dependent Buttons). Use Logical to change the mode of operation for &calcname;. When you click Logical an option menu appears. The choices are Financial, Logical, and Scientific. The mode-dependent buttons change with the mode (see Mode-Dependent Buttons). Use Dec to change the numeric base for &calcname; operations. When you click Dec an option menu appears. The choices are Bin (binary), Oct (octal), Dec (decimal), and Hex (hexadecimal). Use Bin to change the numeric base for &calcname; operations. When you click Bin an option menu appears. The choices are Bin (binary), Oct (octal), Dec (decimal), and Hex (hexadecimal). Use Hex to change the numeric base for &calcname; operations. When you click Hex an option menu appears. The choices are Bin (binary), Oct (octal), Dec (decimal), and Hex (hexadecimal). Use Oct to change the numeric base for &calcname; operations. When you click Oct an option menu appears. The choices are Bin (binary), Oct (octal), Dec (decimal), and Hex (hexadecimal). Use Fix to change the display mode for &calcname; operations. When you click Fix an option menu appears. The choices are Eng (engineering), Fix (fixed point), and Sci (scientific). Use Eng to change the display mode for &calcname; operations. When you click Eng an option menu appears. The choices are Eng (engineering), Fix (fixed point), and Sci (scientific). Use Sci to change the display mode for &calcname; operations. When you click Sci an option menu appears. The choices are Eng (engineering), Fix (fixed point), and Sci (scientific). Use Deg to change the trigonometric base for &calcname; operations. When you click Deg an option menu appears. The choices are Deg (degrees) Grad (gradients), and Rad (radians). The Deg button is active only when &calcname; is in Scientific mode. Use Grad to change the trigonometric base for &calcname; operations. When you click Grad an option menu appears. The choices are Deg (degrees) Grad (gradients), and Rad (radians). The Grad button is active only when &calcname; is in Scientific mode. Use Rad to change the trigonometric base for &calcname; operations. When you click Rad an option menu appears. The choices are Deg (degrees) Grad (gradients), and Rad (radians). The Rad button is active only when &calcname; is in Scientific mode. Blank buttons are not used by &calcname;. Use Functions to select a user-defined function. You can define up to ten functions. See "To Enter a Function" for more information. Use Constants to select from a list of constant values to use in the current operation, or to view the active list of constant values. See To Select a Constant Value for more information. Use Keys to change the labels of all the &calcname; buttons to show their keyboard equivalent. Click Keys again and the labels display only their respective functions. The mouse is still active when the keyboard equivalents are displayed. Use Int to eliminate the fractional portion of the displayed value. Note that no rounding is used; the fractional value is removed, leaving just the integer number of the original value. Use Frac to eliminate the integer portion of the displayed value. Note that no rounding is used; the integer value is removed, leaving just the fractional part of the original value. Use Abs to display the absolute value of the currently displayed number. Use Exp to input the exponential portion of a number. "Exp" appears in the mode line, indicating that &calcname; expects you to enter a number for the exponential value. You can do so by typing in the number or clicking the appropriate number button. Use Accuracy to specify the degree of precision used in &calcname; operations. You can specify the accuracy in three different methods: Click button 3 with the pointer in the Accuracy button. A popup menu appears from which you can choose an accuracy of from zero to nine places. Click Accuracy and then enter the number from the keyboard. Click Accuracy and then click a digit button representing the number of places you want. Use Store to store the current value in one of ten memory registers. When you click Store, the word "Store" appears in the mode line, indicating that you need to specify the memory register you want. You specify the register by clicking a number from 0 to 9 immediately after clicking Store, or by clicking button 3 on Store and choosing from the popup menu that appears. You can recall the value by using the Recall button. The value in the display area is not changed. See To View Memory or Financial registers for information on viewing the contents of the memory registers. Use Recall to recall the value in a specified register that was stored using the Store button. When you click Recall the word "Recall" appears in the Mode Line, indicating that you need to specify the register you want. You specify the register by clicking a number from 0 to 9 immediately after clicking Recall, or by clicking button 3 on Recall and choosing from the popup menu that appears. The value in that register is then displayed in the display area. The contents of the register are not altered. Use Exchange to exchange the value in the specified memory register with the current value in the display area. When you click Exchange the word "Exchange" appears in the Mode Line, indicating that you need to specify the register you want. You specify the register by clicking a number from 0 to 9 immediately after clicking Exchange, or by clicking button 3 on Exchange and choosing from the popup menu that appears. Use Inv to toggle the Sin, Cos, and Tan functions to their inverse. When you click on Inv the letters "INV" appear on the Mode Line, indicating that the inverse is enabled for the three trigonometric functions. You return to normal operation by clicking Inv again. The Inv button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. See Cos, Sin, and Tan. Use Hyp to toggle the Sin, Cos, and Tan functions to obtain the hyperbolic version. When you click on Hyp the letters "HYP" appear on the Mode Line, indicating that hyperbolic is enabled for the three trigonometric functions. You return to normal operation by clicking Hyp again. You can obtain the inverse hyperbolic of the three functions by clicking on Inv. The Hyp button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. See Cos, Sin, and Tan. Use e^x to obtain the value of e raised to a power equal to the current displayed value. The e^x button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use 10^x to obtain the value of 10 raised to a power equal to the current displayed value. The 10^x button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use y^x to raise the value of the number you entered in the display area prior to clicking y^x to the power of the next number you enter. For example, suppose you want to find the value of 3 raised to the 4th power. Click 3 Click y^x Click 4 The result, 81, appears in the display area. The y^x button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use x! to obtain the factorial of the currently displayed number, provided the number is positive. The x! button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use Cos to obtain the cosine, arccosine, hyperbolic cosine, or inverse hyperbolic cosine of the current displayed value, depending on the settings of the Hyp and Inv buttons. The result is displayed in the current trigonometric base (degrees, radians, or gradients). See Hyp, Inv, Deg, Rad, and Grad. The Cos button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use Sin to obtain the sine, arcsine, hyperbolic sine, or inverse hyperbolic sine of the current displayed value, depending on the settings of the Hyp and Inv buttons. The result is displayed in the current trigonometric base (degrees, radians, or gradients). See Hyp, Inv, Deg, Rad, and Grad. The Sin button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use Tan to obtain the tan, arctan, hyperbolic tan, or inverse hyperbolic tan of the current displayed value, depending on the settings of the Hyp and Inv buttons. The result is displayed in the current trigonometric base (degrees, radians, or gradients). See Hyp, Inv, Deg, Rad, and Grad. The Tan button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use Ln to obtain the natural logarithm of the displayed value. The Ln button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use Log to obtain the base 10 logarithm of the displayed value. The Log button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use Rand to obtain a random number between 0.0 and 1.0. The Rand button is functional only when the calculator is in Scientific mode. Use Term to calculate the number of payment periods in the term of an ordinary annuity. See To Calculate the Number of Payment Periods for more information. You also use Term to enter values into the Term financial register. The Term button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use i%Yr to calculate the interest rate per year. See To Calculate Periodic Interest Rate for more information. You also use i%Yr to enter values into the i%Yr financial register. The i%Yr button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use Pv to calculate the present value of an investment. See To Calculate the Present Value of an Investment. You also use Pv to enter values into the Pv financial register. The Pv button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use Pmt to calculate the amount of a periodic payment of a loan. See To Calculate the Periodic Payment for more information. You also use Pmt to enter values into the Pmt financial register. The Pmt button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use Fv to calculate the future value of an investment. See To Calculate the Future Value of an Investment for more information. You also use Fv to enter values into the Fv financial register. The Fv button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use P/YR to change the number of payments per year. The default value is 12. This button cannot be used to calculate the number of payments per year, only to set it. The P/YR button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use CLRfregs to clear the financial registers. You can view the contents of the financial register by choosing Financial Registers from the calculator popup menu or Options on the calculator menubar. The CLRfregs button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use Ctrm to calculate the number of compounding periods it will take an investment of present value to increase to a future value, earning a fixed interest rate per compounding period. See To Calculate the Number of Compounding Periods for more information. The Ctrm button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use Ddb to calculate the depreciation allowance on an asset for a specified period of time, using the double-declining balance method. See To Calculate Depreciation Using Double-Declining Balance for more information. The Ddb button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use Sln to calculate the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period. The straight-line method of depreciation divides the depreciable cost (cost − salvage value) evenly over the useful life of the asset. The useful life is the number of periods (normally years) over which the asset is depreciated. See To Calculate Straight-Line Depreciation for more information. The Sln button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use Syd to calculate the sum-of-the-years'-digits depreciation. This method of depreciation accelerates the rate of depreciation so that more depreciation expense occurs in earlier periods than in later ones. See To Calculate Sum-of-years'-digits Depreciation The Syd button is functional only when the calculator is in Financial mode. Use < to shift the displayed value a specified number of binary places to the left. The currently displayed value is truncated to 32 bits before the operation is performed. When you click this key, the < symbol appears in the mode line, indicating that you are then to enter the number of places to shift. For example, to shift 100 binary (4 decimal) one place to the left, perform the following steps. Click < Click 1 The display changes to 1000.00 binary (8 decimal). The < button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use > to shift the displayed value a specified number of binary places to the right. The currently displayed value is truncated to 32 bits before the operation is performed. Also, this operation does not propagate the sign-bit. When you click this key, the > symbol appears in the mode line, indicating that you are then to enter the number of places to shift. For example, to shift 100 binary (4 decimal) one place to the right, perform the following steps. Click > Click 1 The display changes to 10.00 binary (2 decimal). The > button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use &16 to truncate the current display value to a 16-bit integer. The &16 button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use &32 to truncate the current display value to a 32-bit integer. The &32 button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use Or to perform a logical OR operation on the currently displayed value and the next number entered, treating both numbers as 32-bit integers. The Or button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use And to perform a logical AND operation on the currently displayed value and the next number entered, treating both numbers as 32-bit integers. The And button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use Not to perform a logical NOT operation on the currently displayed value. The currently displayed value is truncated to 32 bits before the operation is performed. The Not button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use Xor to perform a logical XOR operation on the currently displayed value and the next number entered, treating them both as 32-bit integers. The Xor button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use Xnor to perform a logical XNOR operation on the currently displayed value and the next number entered, treating them both as 32-bit integers. The Xnor button is functional only when the calculator is in Logical mode. Use 1/x to find the reciprocal of the currently displayed number. Use x^2 to find the square of the currently displayed number. Use Sqrt to find the square root of the currently displayed number. Use % to find a percentage (specified by the next value entered) of the currently displayed value. Use ( in conjunction with ) to give precedence to an arithmetic operation. You must always include a corresponding ) for each ( you use. See "To Perform Combined Operations" for more information. Use ) in conjunction with ( to give precedence to an arithmetic operation. You must always include a corresponding ) for each ( you use. See "To Perform Combined Operations" for more information. Use Bsp to clear the display one digit at a time, starting from the right-most digit. Use Clr to clear the current value from the display. The display is set to 0. Use D to enter the hexadecimal value D. The D button is functional only when the calculator numeric base is Hex. Use E to enter the hexadecimal value E. The E button is functional only when the calculator numeric base is Hex. Use F to enter the hexadecimal value F. The F button is functional only when the calculator numeric base is Hex. Use +/− to change the sign of the currently displayed value or the exponent being entered with the Exp button. Use A to enter the hexadecimal value A. The A button is functional only when the calculator numeric base is Hex. Use B to enter the hexadecimal value B. The B button is functional only when the calculator numeric base is Hex. Use C to enter the hexadecimal value C. The C button is functional only when the calculator numeric base is Hex. Use × &sigspace; to find the product of the currently displayed value and the next number entered. See "To Perform Simple Mathematical Operations". Use 7 to enter the number 7. The 7 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin). Use 8 to enter the number 8. The 8 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin) or octal (Oct). Use 9 to enter the number 9. The 9 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin) or octal (Oct). Use / to divide the currently displayed value by the next number entered. See "To Perform Simple Mathematical Operations". Use 4 to enter the number 4. The 4 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin). Use 5 to enter the number 5. The 5 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin). Use 6 to enter the number 6. The 6 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin). Use − to subtract the next number entered from the currently displayed value. See "To Perform Simple Mathematical Operations". Use 1 to enter the number 1. Use 2 to enter the number 2. The 2 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin). Use 3 to enter the number 3. The 3 button is not functional when the calculator numeric base is binary (Bin). Use + to add the next value entered to the currently displayed value. See "To Perform Simple Mathematical Operations". Use 0 to enter the number 0. Use . to enter a period to separate the integer from the fractional part of a number. Use = following any of the arithmetic operations to display the result in the display area. Use Quit to terminate the calculator program.